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Enrico Mattei (April 29, 1906 – October 27, 1962) was an Italian public administrator. After World War II he was given the task of dismantling the Italian Petroleum Agency Agip, a state enterprise established by the Fascist regime. Instead Mattei enlarged and reorganized it into the National Fuel Trust, ''Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi'' (ENI). Under his direction ENI negotiated important oil concessions in the Middle East as well as a significant trade agreement with the Soviet Union which helped break the oligopoly of the 'Seven Sisters' that dominated the mid 20th century oil industry. He also introduced the principle whereby the country that owned exploited oil reserves received 75% of the profits.〔(Italy: Powerful Man ), Time Magazine, November 2, 1962〕 Mattei, who became a powerful figure in Italy, was a Christian Democrat, and a member of parliament from 1948 to 1953. Mattei made ENI a powerful company, so much so that Italians called it "the state within the state."〔(Oil: State Within a State ), Time Magazine, July 21, 1961〕 He died in a mysterious plane crash in 1962, likely caused by a bomb in the plane.〔(Autopsy may solve deadly mystery of the Mattei Affair ), The Independent, August 29, 1997〕 The unsolved death of Mattei has obsessed Italy for years and was the subject of an award-winning film ''The Mattei Affair'' by Francesco Rosi in 1972. ==Early life== Enrico Mattei was born in Acqualagna, in the province of Pesaro and Urbino, Marche, as the second of five children of Antonio Mattei (a ''carabiniere'' – a member of the Italian national gendarmerie) and Angela Galvani.〔(Italian Oil Chief Dies In Air Crash ), The New York Times, October 28, 1962〕〔(Biography of Enrico Mattei ), on the ENI website (retrieved September 10, 2011)〕 In 1923, he became an apprentice in the tannery industry in Matelica. His career was rapid; from factory hand he quickly moved on to become a chemical assistant and then to laboratory chief at the age of 21. After his military service he became the tannery owner’s chief assistant. However, the economic crisis at the end of the 1920s made business going from bad to worse until the tannery closed.〔 Mattei moved to Milan where he worked as a sales representative for foreign companies in tanning dyes and solvents. In 1931 he became a member of the National Fascist Party ((イタリア語:Partito Nazionale Fascista)) created by Benito Mussolini but was not active in politics. Subsequently he set up a factory producing oil-based emulsifiers for the tanning and textile industries with his brother and sister. In 1934 he founded ''Industria Chimica Lombarda'' and two years later, in 1936, he married Greta Paulas, in Vienna. After acquiring an accountancy qualification, he enrolled at Università Cattolica in Milan. In May 1943 he met the Christian Democrat leader Giuseppe Spataro, who introduced him into anti-Fascist circles in Milan against the Fascist regime of Mussolini. After July 25, 1943, when Mussolini was forced to resign, Mattei joined a partisan group of the Italian resistance movement in the mountains around Matelica, supplying them with weapons. He was able to join the resistance, despite suspicion over his former membership of the Fascist Party. His role was rather marginal, concentrating mainly on administering and organising activities. After a number of roundups he escaped to Milan.〔 Impressed by his organisational and military skills, the Christian Democrats put him in command of their partisan forces. On October 26, 1944 he was captured in Milan, along with others, at the Christian Democrats’ secret headquarters in Milan. Detained at the military barracks in Como, he was able to escape on December 3, 1944, taking advantage of a confusion caused by a short circuit which he himself may have engineered. Mattei participated in the North Italian military command of the National Liberation Committee ((イタリア語:Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale) - CLN) on behalf of the Christian Democrats.〔 He was decorated by the United States with the Silver Star.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Enrico Mattei」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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